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The Cardiovascular system, Heart Muscle, The Heart as a pump

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The Cardiovascular System is a  closed system , with a  one way circuit. efficiency Transports Materials throughout the body: Exogenous Endogenous Waste and heat elimination Brain is Oxygen dependent Cannot meed oxygen needs by using the anaerobic pathway 2 ATP + 1 NADH Must use the aerobic pathway - Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle + Electron Transport System 6H2O+ 30 ATP + 6CO2 Nutrient, Hormone, Immunity transport CO2 and metabolic waste and heat removal How Blood flows: Down a pressure Gradient (dP) from high pressure to a low pressure Pressure, Volume, Flow and Resistance Pressure of a fluid in motion decreases over distance Hydrostatic Pressure: = may also be referred to as the hydraulic pressure - as fluid is in motion In a system that flows, pressure falls over distance as energy is lost to resistance / friction Pressure in Liquid changes without changes in Volume Driving pressure - the pressure of the ventricles on the systemic circulatio...
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An approach to soft tissue masses. Clinical examination and ultrasound review of soft tissue masses may lead to: A specific diagnosis A mass like lesion No sonographic abnormality Specific diagnosis include a foreign body, henia, ganglion cyst, lymph node, Bone and calcifications, epidermal cysts, abscess and hematoma. Mass like lesions may either be superficial and less than 5cm Characteristic of a lipoma ; consider clinical follow up or MRI Not characteristic of a lipoma; consider excision, needle biopsy, or MRI. Mass like lesions may be deep or greater than 5cm in depth.  Please consider an MRI of the extremity in question or a CT of the CHEST and ABDOMEN. In the event of a suspicious  clinical examination, but No sonographic abnormality ; consider MRI or CT. Specific diagnosis  on US:  a foreign body : including wood, glass and metal may be visualised on US. Wood usually has a echogenic focus with abnormal shadowing deep to...
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The Nervous System, the Cerebrum

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