SA Medical - General Medicine And Imaging of Disease

Hormones can be classified by their reflex pathways. Endocrine Cell Is the sensor in the Simplest Endocrine Response The endocrine gland acts as both the sensor (receptor) and the integrating sensor. PTH is an example, so is insulin and glucagon. Parathyroid endocrine cells monitor blood calcium levels, from its four clusters behind the thyroid. Calcium concentration is monitored with the aid of G-Protein-coupled calcium receptors on their cell membrane. When certain number of Receptors are bound to Calcium, PTH is inhibited. If the plasma calcium falls below a certain level and fewer receptors are bound to Calcium, inhibition ceases and the parathyroid cells secrete PTH. PTH released in the blood, effect on increased bone resorption, increased kidney reabsorption of calcium, and production of calcitrol leads to increased intestinal absorption of calcium. Together this increases the plasma calcium concentration. Many endocrine Reflexes involve the Nervous System Two endocrin

A hormone is classically defines as a chemical that is secreted into the blood and acts on a distant target in very low concentrations. Hormones can be classified according to source or location - heart, liver, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, kidney, skin, testis, ovaries, adipose tissue, and placenta. Hormones can be divided into 3 main chemical classes: Peptide and protein hormones composed of linked amino acids Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol The amine hormones are derivatives of tryptophan or tyrosine Most hormones are Peptides or Proteins If a hormone is not a steroid or a amine it is probably a peptide. A steroid-producing cell would have extensive smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; a protein-producing cell would have lots of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Usually made in tissues all over the body unlike steroids that are made only in a few organs Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Storage a

Hormones: regulate the internal environment in three ways - by controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions, by controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes by controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins. The internal environment controlled by hormones include: growth and development  metabolism regulation of the internal environment (temperature, water balance, ions), and  reproduction Graves Disease: Tired and weak, loosing weight, and hot flushing. Hyperthyroidism. Increased appetite. Goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland, lack of iodine DM: Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia. Castration:  reduced sex drive and rendered males infertile, less aggressive. Testis may be implanted and will continue to function as it is under hormonal control. Organotherapy: Hypothyroidism treated with injected thyroid Hormones: Glands Pineal gland - Amine - Melatonin has unclear targets,  Circadian rhythms Thyroid - Amine / Peptide -  Triiodot

Dear patients Thank you for your most interesting questions and thank you for trusting me to manage you health. This is an interesting question. To answer these question we need to talk about Calcium, phosphate and magnesium in the Human Body. Calcium content of the body depends on the balance between the intestinal calcium from diet and the calcium lost in your faeces (shit) and urine (pee). Intestinal (GUT) uptake and loss The amount of calcium that is absorbed is dependent on Amount of calcium (Ca2+) available.  Acid pH increases calcium and alkalinity promotes complex formation and diminishes absorption.  The following reduce your calcium absorption: Uncooked beans - phytates and Oxalytes - chocolate, nuts and berries - and tea Active Vitamin D Kidney The kidney filters 250mmol of Calcium each day, 95% are reabsorbed in the tubules. The majority is taken up in the proximal tubules without hormonal regulation, while fine adjustment is required to the amoun