Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin and Glucagon are synthesized and metabolised like most peptide hormones. Large Preprohormones. Golgi apparatus Prohormones are packed in granules and then cleaved into free hormone plus a peptide fragmet (Insulin and the C-Peptide) Circulate unbound and therefore have a Short Half Life - 5 to 10 minutes 50% of Insulin and Glucagon are secreted into the portal circulation where it exerts its effect on the Liver, and eliminated on first pass by liver. Insulin and its metabolic effects Insulin is a hormone associated with energy abundance Insulin is used for energy and anabolic processes and storage of nutrients for later use when energy supplies are low Stores of carbohydrates, protein, and fats are increased in the presence of insulin Insulin has rapid - seconds - (increase glucose and amino acid uptake into the cells), intermediate - minutes - (stimulation of protein synthesis, inhibition of protein degradation, activation and deactivation of enzymes), and dela