The Nervous System, the Cerebrum

-





Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System

  1. Cingulate Gyrus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
Brain function
Ability to generate information and output signals in the absence of external input.
Three systems that influence output by motor systems:
  1. the sensory system
    1. monitors internal and external environments and initiates reflex responses
  2. a cognitive system
    1. voluntary responses
  3. a behavioural state system
    1. sleep-wake cycles and intrinsic behaviours
The Cerebral cortex is organised into functional areas
There are three functional specialisations:
  1. Sensory areas - sensory inputs
  2. Motor areas - direct muscle movement
  3. Association areas - integrate sensory and motor input and direct voluntary behavious
Cerebral lateralization of function or left-right brain dominance.
Neurons display a level of plasticity. 
  1. Sensory information is Integrated in the Spinal Cord and Brain
    1. Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
      1. touch, temperature, pain, itch, and body position
    2. Visual Cortex
      1. Occipital lobe
    3. Auditory Cortex
      1. Temporal Lobe
    4. Olfactory Cortex
      1. Temporal lobe
    5. Gustatory Cortex
      1. Deep frontal Lobe
  2. Sensory Information is processed into perception
    1. The brain completes the information - using sensory information to complete the perception
  3. The Motor system Governs Output from the Central Nervous System
    1. Three responses:
      1. Skeletal Muscle Movement - controlled by the somatic motor division
        1. Simple Reflexes can be overridden  by input from the cognitive system
        2. Voluntary movements are initiated by the cognitive system in the motor cortex and motor association area - frontal lobes
          1. Receive input from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia
          2. Descending motor pathways cross to the opposite side - of the body

      2. Neuroendocrine signals, neurohormones secreted into the blood by neurons
        1. located in the hypothalamus and 
        2. the adrenal medulla
      3. Visceral response
        1. actions of smooth and cardiac muscles or 
        2. endocrine and exocrine glands





Comments

  1. MindvalleyMay 23, 2019 at 1:23 AM

    The stuff is very nice and helpful! Thanks to providing this info.
    https://blog.mindvalley.com/cerebrum/

    ReplyDelete
  2. MindvalleyAugust 5, 2019 at 5:18 AM

    Keep it Sir and I am waiting for your next post on your site blog.
    https://blog.mindvalley.com/cerebrum-function/

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

The Cardiovascular system, Heart Muscle, The Heart as a pump

-
Image
The Cardiovascular System is a  closed system , with a  one way circuit. efficiency Transports Materials throughout the body: Exogenous Endogenous Waste and heat elimination Brain is Oxygen dependent Cannot meed oxygen needs by using the anaerobic pathway 2 ATP + 1 NADH Must use the aerobic pathway - Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle + Electron Transport System 6H2O+ 30 ATP + 6CO2 Nutrient, Hormone, Immunity transport CO2 and metabolic waste and heat removal How Blood flows: Down a pressure Gradient (dP) from high pressure to a low pressure Pressure, Volume, Flow and Resistance Pressure of a fluid in motion decreases over distance Hydrostatic Pressure: = may also be referred to as the hydraulic pressure - as fluid is in motion In a system that flows, pressure falls over distance as energy is lost to resistance / friction Pressure in Liquid changes without changes in Volume Driving pressure - the pressure of the ventricles on the systemic circulatio...
Read more

Soft Tissue Mass Clinical and Imaging Approach

-
An approach to soft tissue masses. Clinical examination and ultrasound review of soft tissue masses may lead to: A specific diagnosis A mass like lesion No sonographic abnormality Specific diagnosis include a foreign body, henia, ganglion cyst, lymph node, Bone and calcifications, epidermal cysts, abscess and hematoma. Mass like lesions may either be superficial and less than 5cm Characteristic of a lipoma ; consider clinical follow up or MRI Not characteristic of a lipoma; consider excision, needle biopsy, or MRI. Mass like lesions may be deep or greater than 5cm in depth.  Please consider an MRI of the extremity in question or a CT of the CHEST and ABDOMEN. In the event of a suspicious  clinical examination, but No sonographic abnormality ; consider MRI or CT. Specific diagnosis  on US:  a foreign body : including wood, glass and metal may be visualised on US. Wood usually has a echogenic focus with abnormal shadowing deep to...
Read more

AN UNEXPECTED CHEST XRAY

-
Image
AN UNEXPECTED CHEST XRAY Mrs MacLeod was a rather prudent 54 year old women, that presented with a shortness of breath, a chronic cough and recurrent pneumonia. She had an obstructive lung pattern on pulmonary function tests. She come in for an xray of the chest. The chest XRAY was rather different. There was unequal lung volumes, with the right lung volume being larger than the left. There was also decreased left lung vessels noted. There were no pleural effusions and no pneumothorax present either. The right lung was perfectly normal. Upon further investigation she reported to have had a significant childhood viral infection that resulted in distal airspace obstruction, probably secondary to an adenovirus or and RSV viral infection. A case of Sweyer-James syndrome was diagnosed. She was treated with influenza vaccinations, but in this case no lobectomy was performed as the no specific lung segment was identified.
Read more