Medical situations to consider HIV infection, Infections, impaired immunity, unexplained lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, Tumours, unexplained weight loss unexplained diarrhoea night sweats pyrexia of unknown origin

-
Medical situations to consider HIV infection


  • Reticulo-endothelial abnormalities:


    • impaired immunity


    • unexplained lymphadenopathy


    • thrombocytopenia


  • Infections:


    • tuberculosis or atypical mycobacterial infection


    • Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia


    • cerebral toxoplasmosis


    • oral or oesophageal candidiasis


    • herpes zoster (in younger people)


    • cytomegalovirus retinitis


  • Tumours:


    • non-hodgkin's lymphoma


    • cerebral lymphoma


  • General:


    • symptoms suggesting seroconversion illness, especially if associated with another STI


    • oral hairy leukoplakia


    • unexplained weight loss


    • unexplained diarrhoea


    • night sweats


    • pyrexia of unknown origin

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

The Cardiovascular system, Heart Muscle, The Heart as a pump

-
Image
The Cardiovascular System is a  closed system , with a  one way circuit. efficiency Transports Materials throughout the body: Exogenous Endogenous Waste and heat elimination Brain is Oxygen dependent Cannot meed oxygen needs by using the anaerobic pathway 2 ATP + 1 NADH Must use the aerobic pathway - Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle + Electron Transport System 6H2O+ 30 ATP + 6CO2 Nutrient, Hormone, Immunity transport CO2 and metabolic waste and heat removal How Blood flows: Down a pressure Gradient (dP) from high pressure to a low pressure Pressure, Volume, Flow and Resistance Pressure of a fluid in motion decreases over distance Hydrostatic Pressure: = may also be referred to as the hydraulic pressure - as fluid is in motion In a system that flows, pressure falls over distance as energy is lost to resistance / friction Pressure in Liquid changes without changes in Volume Driving pressure - the pressure of the ventricles on the systemic circulatio...
Read more

Soft Tissue Mass Clinical and Imaging Approach

-
An approach to soft tissue masses. Clinical examination and ultrasound review of soft tissue masses may lead to: A specific diagnosis A mass like lesion No sonographic abnormality Specific diagnosis include a foreign body, henia, ganglion cyst, lymph node, Bone and calcifications, epidermal cysts, abscess and hematoma. Mass like lesions may either be superficial and less than 5cm Characteristic of a lipoma ; consider clinical follow up or MRI Not characteristic of a lipoma; consider excision, needle biopsy, or MRI. Mass like lesions may be deep or greater than 5cm in depth.  Please consider an MRI of the extremity in question or a CT of the CHEST and ABDOMEN. In the event of a suspicious  clinical examination, but No sonographic abnormality ; consider MRI or CT. Specific diagnosis  on US:  a foreign body : including wood, glass and metal may be visualised on US. Wood usually has a echogenic focus with abnormal shadowing deep to...
Read more

The Nervous System, the Cerebrum

-
Image
Cerebral Cortex Basal Ganglia Limbic System Cingulate Gyrus Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Brain function Ability to generate information and output signals in the absence of external input. Three systems that influence output by motor systems: the sensory system monitors internal and external environments and initiates reflex responses a cognitive system voluntary responses a behavioural state system sleep-wake cycles and intrinsic behaviours The Cerebral cortex is organised into functional areas There are three functional specialisations: Sensory areas - sensory inputs Motor areas - direct muscle movement Association areas - integrate sensory and motor input and direct voluntary behavious Cerebral lateralization of function or left-right brain dominance. Neurons display a level of plasticity.  Sensory information is Integrated in the Spinal Cord and Brain Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex touch, temperature, pain, itch, and body position Visual Cortex...
Read more