Head and Neck Imaging

-
multiplicity is not a sign of a benign condition US guidelines for thyroid nodules:
• 80% of nodular disease is due to hyperplasia
(pathologically they are referred to as hyperplastic,
adenomatous, or colloid nodules).
• Malignant and benign nodules present simultaneously
in 10%-20% of cases; thus multiplicity
is not a sign of a benign condition.
• Nodules with large cystic components are
usually benign; however, 20% of papillary
cancers are cystic.
• Comet-tail artifacts are seen in colloid cysts.

Popular posts from this blog

AN UNEXPECTED CHEST XRAY

-
Image
AN UNEXPECTED CHEST XRAY Mrs MacLeod was a rather prudent 54 year old women, that presented with a shortness of breath, a chronic cough and recurrent pneumonia. She had an obstructive lung pattern on pulmonary function tests. She come in for an xray of the chest. The chest XRAY was rather different. There was unequal lung volumes, with the right lung volume being larger than the left. There was also decreased left lung vessels noted. There were no pleural effusions and no pneumothorax present either. The right lung was perfectly normal. Upon further investigation she reported to have had a significant childhood viral infection that resulted in distal airspace obstruction, probably secondary to an adenovirus or and RSV viral infection. A case of Sweyer-James syndrome was diagnosed. She was treated with influenza vaccinations, but in this case no lobectomy was performed as the no specific lung segment was identified.
Read more

The Cardiovascular system, Heart Muscle, The Heart as a pump

-
Image
The Cardiovascular System is a  closed system , with a  one way circuit. efficiency Transports Materials throughout the body: Exogenous Endogenous Waste and heat elimination Brain is Oxygen dependent Cannot meed oxygen needs by using the anaerobic pathway 2 ATP + 1 NADH Must use the aerobic pathway - Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle + Electron Transport System 6H2O+ 30 ATP + 6CO2 Nutrient, Hormone, Immunity transport CO2 and metabolic waste and heat removal How Blood flows: Down a pressure Gradient (dP) from high pressure to a low pressure Pressure, Volume, Flow and Resistance Pressure of a fluid in motion decreases over distance Hydrostatic Pressure: = may also be referred to as the hydraulic pressure - as fluid is in motion In a system that flows, pressure falls over distance as energy is lost to resistance / friction Pressure in Liquid changes without changes in Volume Driving pressure - the pressure of the ventricles on the systemic circulation -   dis
Read more