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Barium enema

Barium enema Sigmoidoscopy before a barium enema remains good practice, but not essential Bowel preparation: Browns dietary restriction, overhydration, and osmotic purgation Double contrast barium enema  (DCBE) 3 stages 1.       Filling with barium a.       IV smooth muscle relexant – 20mg Buscopan or 0.5 – 1mg of glucagon b.       Barium introduced while patient is prone until the barium column enters the transverse colon 2.      Gas insufflation a.       Ideally CO 2 b.       Bring the patient into the head up position and drain the barium c.       Rotate the patient to the right side – to open the hepatic flexure- the hepatic flexure is dependent and fills with barium d.       The head of the table is then tilted to trap the barium in the ascending colon, and the patient is prone to fill the dependent cecum 3.      Radiography Interpretation: 1.       Surface pattern recognition : Barium interacts with the mucosa to form a 0.2mm coating adherent to the mucosa – thickness is usual

Left hepatic Vein

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Skull Axial Projection

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Lactation is the medical term for yielding of milk by the mammary glands which leads to breastfeeding. Human milk contains the ideal amount of nutrients for the infant, and provides important protection from diseases through the mother's natural defenses. Early in a woman's  pregnancy  her milk-producing glands begin to prepare for her baby's arrival, and by the sixth month of pregnancy the breasts are ready to produce milk. Immediately after the baby is born, the placenta is delivered. This causes a hormone in the woman's body (prolactin) to activate the milk-producing glands. By the third to fifth day, the woman's breasts fill with milk. Then, as the baby continues to suck each day, nursing triggers the continuing production of milk. The baby's sucking stimulates nerve endings in the nipple, which signal the mother's pituitary gland to release oxytocin, a hormone that causes the mammary glands to release milk to the nursing baby. This is called the &qu

Head and Neck, MMED Anatomy, My Class notes, SR1

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Head and Neck,  MMED Anatomy, My Class notes, SR1 THE SKULL AND FACIAL BONES v   THE SKULL VAULT Ø   Bregma Ø   Lambda Ø   Pterion §   Provides a surface marking for the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery on lateral skull radiograph v   THE SKULL BASE v   INDIVIDUAL BONES OF THE SKULL BASE Ø   Sella turcica or pituitary fossa Ø   Tuberculum sella Ø   Sulcus chiasmaticus Ø   Anterior clinoid process Ø   Dorsum Sellae §   Posterior clinoid process §   Lamina dura Ø   Temporal Bone §   Squamous part §   Petrous part §   Mastoid part §   Styloid process Ø   Zygomatic process Ø   Foramen magnum v   CRANIAL FOSSAE v   FORAMINA OF THE SKULL BASE Ø   Optic canals §   The optic nerve and ophthalmic arteries §   The optic foramen view Ø   Superior orbital fissure §   CN V1, III, IV, VI and the superior orbital vein and the muddle meningeal artery §   Occipitofrontal view Ø   Foramen rotundum §   V2 – maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve §   Occipitofrontal view at 20-25 deg